Green Thermodynamics for Biofuel Synthesis using Bambara Nutshell Catalyst: Toward Sustainable Energy Solutions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64229/c5av1903Keywords:
Bambara nutshell, Green chemistry, Biodiesel thermodynamics, Oleic acid, BiocatalystAbstract
In this study, we discussed the green chemistry principle applied to the thermodynamics of biofuel production. As a case study, the study applies green chemistry principles to investigate the thermodynamics of biodiesel synthesis using a heterogeneous catalyst derived from Bambara nutshell (BNS), a renewable agro-waste material. The BNS catalyst was prepared through carbonization and sulfonation and characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), revealing functional groups and porous morphology favorable for catalysis. Biodiesel was synthesized via esterification of oleic acid at temperatures ranging from 50-65 . Thermodynamic parameters including activation energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy were evaluated across first-, second-, and third-order kinetic models. Results showed that the reaction followed first-order kinetics with the best correlation (R2 = 0.9980), lowest activation energy (51.64 kJ/mol), and most favorable thermodynamic profile__demonstrating low enthalpy (48.80 kJ/mol), less negative entropy (-148.11 J/mol·K), and the lowest Gibbs free energy across tested temperatures. These outcomes confirm the energy efficiency and feasibility of the process, also in support of green chemistry principle 1, 6, 7, 9 and 12. The integration of green chemistry with thermodynamic modeling highlights the potential of BNS as a sustainable, low-cost catalyst for environmentally friendly biodiesel production.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulhalim Musa Abubakar, Sergij Vambol, Rashid Shamsuddin, Marwea AlHedrewy, Jerry Yakubu (Author)
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